Catholic Online Forum

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Definitions and institution
Is marriage being replaced by cohabitation?
Who cohabits? Who marries?
Do couples who cohabit before marriage divorce less than others?
Why does cohabitation before marriage not reduce the risk of divorce?
How stable are cohabitations?
Types of cohabitation and stability of relationships
How often do cohabitations include children?
What are the benefits/disadvantages of cohabitation?

For younger adults
Convenience and sexual availability
Relationship aspects
The issues of commitment and fidelity
For older adults
For children
For society

What are the benefits/disadvantages of marriage?

For adults
Selection or causation?
Who benefits the most from marriage: men or women?
For children
For society

Conclusions

So, are marriage and cohabitation equivalent?
Issues of morality and religion
To conclude

Endnotes
Bibliography

October 9, 2007 (LifeSiteNews.com) - A. Patrick Schneider II, M.D., M.P.H., who holds boards in family and geriatric medicine and who received a Masters in Public Health from Harvard University, is in private practice in Lexington, Kentucky.

"Cohabitation -- it's training for divorce." -- Chuck Colson (1995)
1. Cohabitation is growing: 35 to 40 years ago cohabitation was rare; it was socially taboo. Growth by decade was: 1960s (up 19 percent), 1970s (up 204 percent), 1980s (up 80 percent), 1990s (up 66 percent), but up only 7.7 percent between 2000 and 2004. All told, cohabitation is up eleven-fold (U.S. Census Bureau, "Unmarried-Couple Households, by Presence of Children: 1960 to Present," Table UC-1, June 12, 2003).

2. Relationships are unstable: One-sixth of cohabiting couples stay together for only three years; one in ten survives five or more years (Bennett, W.J., The Broken Hearth: Reversing the Moral Collapse of the American Family, 2001).

3. Greater risk of divorce: The rate of divorce among those who cohabit prior to marriage is nearly double (39 percent vs. 21 percent) that of couples who marry without prior cohabitation (ibid.).

4. Women suffer disproportionately: Cohabiting women often end up with the responsibilities of marriage -- particularly when it comes to caring for children -- without the legal protection (ibid.), while contributing more than 70 percent of the relationship's income (Crouse, J.C., "Cohabitation: Consequences for Mothers and Children," presentation at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Oct. 11-14, 2004, U.N. Tenth Anniversary of the International Year of the Family).

5. Greater risk of STD: Men in cohabiting relationships are four times more likely to be unfaithful than husbands (ibid.). In 1960 there were only three STDs; now there are two dozen that are incurable. Cases of STD have tripled in the past six years. The rate of STD among cohabiting couples is six times higher than among married women (Crouse, J.C., Gaining Ground: A Profile of American Women in the Twentieth Century, 2000).

6. Greater risk of substance abuse and psychiatric problems: A UCLA survey of 130 published studies found that marriages preceded by cohabitation were more prone to drug and alcohol problems (Coombs, R.H., "Marital Status and Personal Well-Being: A Literature Review," Family Relations, Jan. 1991). Depression is three times more likely in cohabiting couples than among married couples (Robbins, L., Rieger, D., Psychiatric Disorders in America, 1990).

7. Higher poverty rates: Cohabitors who never marry have 78 percent less wealth than the continuously married; cohabitors who have been divorced or widowed once have 68 percent less wealth (Cohabitation Facts website).

8. Children suffer: The poverty rate among children of cohabiting couples is five fold greater than the rate among children in married-couple households (Bennett, op. cit.). Compared to children of married biological parents, children age 12-17 with cohabiting parents are six times more likely to exhibit emotional and behavioral problems (Booth, A., Crouter, A.C., eds., Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children and Social Policy, 2002). Likewise, adolescents from cohabiting households are 122 percent more likely to be expelled from school and 90 percent more likely to have a low GPA (Manning, W.D., Lamb, K.A., "Adolescent Well-Being in Cohabiting, Married and Single-Parent Families," Journal of Marriage and Family, Nov. 2003). Children find themselves without grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins; the family tree is pruned (Bennett, op. cit.).

9. Society pays: The U.S. has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with two million souls in federal and state prisons and local jails. In 1980 the figure was just over 500,000 (Bennett, op. cit.). Seventy percent of juveniles in state-operated institutions are from fatherless homes (Drake, T., "The Father Factor: Crime on Increase in ‘Dad Free' Zones," National Catholic Register, Jan. 2007). Three-fourths of children involved in criminal activity were from cohabiting households (Crouse, op. cit.).

10. Cohabitation breeds abuse, violence, and murder: Abuse of children: Rates of serious abuse are lowest in intact families; six times higher in step­families; 14 times higher in always-single-mother families; 20 times higher in cohabiting biological-parent families; and 33 times higher when the mother is cohabiting with a boyfriend who is not the biological father (Crouse, op. cit.). Abuse of women: Compared to a married woman, a cohabiting woman is three times more likely to experience physical aggression (Salari, S.M., Baldwin, B.M., "Verbal, Physical, and Injurious Aggression Among Intimate Couples Over Time," Journal of Family Issues, May 2002), and nine times more likely to be murdered (Shackelford, T.K., "Cohabitation, Marriage, and Murder: Woman-Killing by Male Romantic Partners," Aggressive Behavior, vol. 27, 2001). This data is consistent with similar data on children.

Cohabitation is bad for men, worse for women, and horrible for children. It is a deadly toxin to marriage, family, and culture. With great insight and wisdom Pope Benedict XVI has recently written in Sacramentum Caritatis (March 13, 2007) that among the four "fundamental values" that are "not negotiable," second only to respect for human life is "the family built upon marriage between a man and a woman."

Given the findings of the scientific literature, sociologists conclude, “It is difficult to argue that cohabiters resemble married people.”20

It is interesting that the very thing that couples believe could help strengthen their relationship is the thing that could serve to undermine the health of the relationship and their own well being. The commitment of marriage and the clarity and strength it brings to a relationship makes a significant difference in the lives of people.

Our empirical results provide several specific conclusions. First, they suggest that one-half of all cohabiting unions will end within one year, and 90% will end by the fifth year. That most cohabiting unions are short-lived is not a new finding. What is new is the finding that the majority of cohabiting unions end by dissolution of the relationship rather than by marriage (cf. Bumpass and Lu 2000). The higher dissolution is consistent with recent research showing that the quality of relationships among cohabiting couples is lower than among currently married couples (Brown 2000). More importantly, if most cohabiting relationships end through dissolution, the common view of cohabitation as a stepping-stone to marriage may need to be revisited. Instead, serial cohabitation may be an emerging norm as cohabiting unions form and break up, often more than once before a cohabiting relationship leads to marriage.

January 10, 2011 (LifeSiteNews.com) - Increasing rates of violence between couples in the United States and Europe have been widely attributed to the global recession, but the problem has another dimension that is often ignored: it is far more likely to occur between unmarried, cohabiting couples than married couples.

Study after study confirms that children do best when raised by a married couple, and worse when reared by a cohabiting couple. Yet the ACLU has been pursuing a legal campaign against states that have adoption laws which favor married couples. And just last month the Arkansas Supreme Court bought the ACLU argument and struck down laws that banned adoption by cohabiters. But there is some good news: At the end of the month, Arizona’s governor approved a law giving preference to marriage couples. Brad Wilcox explains.